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    Who was who



    A Quick Primer on the Peninsular War | Glossary of Terms
    The Lilywhite Seventh | The Autobiography of Sir Harry Smith
    A Brief Background on War | Sieges | Militia
    Muskets and Rifles | Personalities | The Rifle Brigade
    E-mail me | Join the Regency Ring | Back to the Regency collection



    Britain
    [Alten] [Beresford] [Colborne] [Craufurd] [Cole] [Graham] [Hill] [Kempt] [Le Marchant] [Lennox/Lord March] [Murray] [Napier] [Pack] [Pakenham] [Picton] [Spencer] [Stewart] [Uxbridge] [Vandeleur] [Wellington]

    France
    [Jourdan] [Junot] [Marmont] [Massena] [Ney] [Soult] [Suchet]
    Other
    [Blucher] [Prince William of Orange]

    Britain

    Alten
    Sir Charles von Alten - Count (1764 - 1846)
    A major General in the British Army and a Lieutenant General in the Hanoverian army, he commanded the Light Division on the Peninsular from April 1812. (the light Division included 43rd, 52nd, 95th, cacadores some light cavalry and artillery)
    He commanded them at Vittoria, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez and Toulouse.
    In 1815 Wellington put him in command of the third division which he took into battle at Quatre Bras, but was severely wounded at Waterloo.

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    Beresford
    William Carr - Viscount Beresford (1768-1854)
    The illegimate son of the Earl of Tyrone, his younger brother was Vice Admiral Sir John Beresford. His skills were not in the field of battle but in his organisational powers - which were recognised by Wellington who once said that should he fall in battle it should be Beresford that took over command of the army. It was Beresford that was created Marshal of the Portuguese army and managed to transform it from the the disorganised lack lustre body into a fighting corps including the first effective Portuguese light troops - the Cacadores. He was not universally liked, he was responsible for the Allied forces being butchered at Albuera on May 16, 1811. An event that clouded his later reputation.
    He was known to be a hard task master which didn't help things, every infraction was punished, but also every deed of valour was rewarded. He commanded Hill's Second Division when Hill went home( it was briefly with Sir William Stewart).
    Beresford wasn't at Waterloo, he had returned to Portugal to resume command of the army there.

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    Colborne
    Sir John Colborne - 1st Baron Seaton (1778 - 1863)
    William Napier said that Colborne had "a singular talent for war," which shows in his career. He was natural soldier with talent and no patronage Colborne enlisted as an ensign in the 20th regiment in 1794 and won every step without purchase. By 1809 when he went to Portugal with Wellington he was a Lieutenant Colonel. He joined various regiments including the 66th where they fought at Bussaco. At Albuera he was given temporary command of the first Brigade of the second division (the 52nd) which his impetuosity almost caused the complete destruction of. It was only Cole's marching of the 4th division to their aid that the entire battalion wasn't wiped out by French Lancers. He was badly wounded at Cuidad Rodrigo [Jan 1812] but he was again commanding the 52nd at Salamanca in 1813. His ability meant he was trusted with command of the Left at Vittoria, Nivelle and Nive [1813-14]. In 1814 he was created Colonel.
    At Waterloo Colborne was again commanding the 52nd who were brigaded with the 71st and 95th regiments in Lord Hill's Division on the British Extreme right (around Hougomount). It was this brigade brought in from the right at the end of the day that finally routed the old French Guard at Waterloo. He was affectionately known to his men as "auld grog Willie" because he gave them extra allowances of rum.

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    Cole
    Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole (1772 - 1842)
    Cole was the son of the Earl of Enniskillen, in 1787 he joined the 12th Light Dragoons. He was given the 4th division to command in 1809. This was in two brigades, the first being the the fusiliers (two battalions of the 7th and the 23rd Fusilers) the second Brigade consisted of 27th, 40th and 48th regiments as well as General Harvey's Portuguese Brigade.
    He was a very obedient commander unlike the more feisty and independent division commanders, Picton and Craufurd. But he was able to act quickly and independently if necessary as he proved at Albuera [15th May 1811]. There was some confusion here and the 2nd division (Colborne's) ended up under extreme fire and in peril from the French cavalry who almost immediately wiped out three battalions and were pushing into the rear of the army , Cole's 4th Division arrived in the nick of time to save them. Sir Henry Hardinge claims her saw it and ordered Cole to advance to their relief - Cole says that he ordered it.
    In 1812 Cole retired from military service and took up his parliamentary seat briefly, he returned later that year in time for Salamanca in July. (Colville had commanded the Division in his absence). The 4th Division covered the retreat from Madrid at the end of that year.
    In 1815 Cole was asked by Wellington to join him in Brussels, Cole agreed and said he would arrive after his wedding to Lady Francis, the Earl of Malmsebury's daughter on June 15th. Needless to say Cole arrived too late.

    Robert "Black Bob" Craufurd
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    Craufurd
    Robert Craufurd (1764 - 1812)
    The third son of a baronet he joined the army in 1779 serving in both Austria and Ireland. He gained patronage when his brother married the Dowager Duchess of Newcastle and was lected as am MP in family borough. However, the army was his main opportunity for advancement and he commanded the Light Brigade to South America in 1807.
    He was ordered to the Peninsular in 1809 as Brigadier General to command the Light Brigade again and is considered an equal commander. During the retreat to the lines of Torres Vedras in 1810 the Light Brigade covered the retreat with unequalled bravery.
    In 1811 he was promoted to Major General. He was shot leading his troops in the storming of Cuidad Rodrigo in January, 1812 and died in agony some days later. Craufurd's words to his soldiers as he addressed the Forlorn hope to storm Cuidad Rodrigo are remembered by Edward Costello
      'Soldiers! the eyes of your country are upon you. Be steady- be cool,- be firm in the assault. The town must be yours this night. Once masters of the wall, let your first duty be to clear the ramparts, and in doing this keep together.'

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    Graham
    Thomas Graham - Baron Lynedoch (1748 - 1843)
    It was Graham who was entrusted with the defence of Cadiz early in 1810. He did so with great skill and in February 1811 he attacked the rear of the French army at Barossa, defeating them. With the South of Spain safe in June 1811 Wellington put him in command of the 1st, 6th and 7th division (as an army corps) as well as giving him two brigades of cavalry which he set to work with against Badajos in one of the first unsuccessful attempts against the fortified city.
    He was indespensible to Wellington and one of the five main commanders of the British Army with Cotton, Hill, Hope and Beresford.
    On the 7th of October 1813, Following his push over the Pyrenee's and forcing Soult's retreat, Graham's health declined. He returned to Britain and his command in Wellington's army was taken over by Sir John Hope. In November he felt well enough command British troops on an expedition to Holland to cooperate with Bulow's Prussian's against Antwerp.
    The expedition was not highly successful, while Graham won at Antwerp he undertook a failed campaign against the fortress at Bergen Op Zoom on February 3, 1814 where he tried to take at night. As the Duke of Wellington later said, Night attacks against good troops seldom succeed. Graham returned to Britain with the peace of May, 1814. He was an energetic man, in 1822 at the age of 74 he rode 24 miles to the Pytchley Hunt meet. He also acted as second to the Duke of Bedford in his duel with the Duke of Buckingham that same year.

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    Hill
    Rowland Hill - Lord Hill (1772 - 1842)
    Hill was universally liked by the soldiers under his command, he was known as "Daddy Hill" by the troops who valued and respected his kindness. He was second in command to Wellington in the later stages of the Peninsular war and commanded the first corps at Waterloo. And extremely able man he began his Peninsular campaign as Brigade commander and rose to a divisional commander and then commanded a corps which included the 2nd and 4th divisions under (Stewart and Cole) as well as De Grey's Heavy and Slade's Light cavalry Brigades and four Portuguese Brigades. He was forced to return to Britain due to illness and his division was given to Beresford. However Hill returned and claimed victories at Vittoria, Nivelle and Nive.

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    Kempt
    Sir James Kempt (1764 - 1854)
    At first a Brigade Major in Picton's Fighting Third Division Kempt was promoted to Major General in January 1812 and it was he that commanded the attack on la Picaruna fort at Badajoz in April of that year. He was severely wounded in the seige.
    On recovery he was given command of a light brigade of the 43rd and 2 battalions of the 95th Rifles at Vittoria, Vera, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez and Toulouse.
    He was a small man, quiet and unassuming but proved an excellent and popular officer.

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    Le Marchant
    John Gaspard LeMarchant (1766-1812)

    A favourite of King George III, LeMarchant attracted his attention while a Lieutenant in the 2nd Dragoon Guards (or the Queen Bays). Although one of his colleagues described him as 'the greatest Dunce I have ever met' . He wrote a number of classic books about cavalry training and manouvres including the much admired 'Cavalry Sword Exercises' published in 1796. Le Marchant was an able commander leading 3 squadrons of the 5th Dragoon Guards at Badajos. He was killed at Salamanca leading his Brigade of heavy Dragoon Guards.

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    Lord March
    Charles Gordon Lennox - Lord March, Later 5th Duke Richmond (1791 - 1860)

    Aide de Camp and assistant Military Secretary to the Duke of Wellington from July 1810 to July 1814. He was wounded at Orthes in February in 1813. Although he had been painfully wounded on his thigh which meant he could only walk with the support of sticks, Wellington rode several miles to see him when he heard March had been injured, and it is reported he came from the room in tears.
    Before inheirting the Dukedom of Richmond in 1819 he was the MP (Tory) for Chichester.

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    Moore
    Sir John Moore (1761 - 1809)

    Third in command on the Peninsular in 1809 but led the army when the two leaders and Sir Arthur Wellesly (later Duke of Wellington) were recalled to Britain after the debacle of the convention of Cintra. He pushed quickly into Spain but was badly let down by the Spanish and forced into retreat under appalling winter conditions to Corunna. He was pursued the whole way by the French commander, Soult. Although the British won the Battle of Corunna, Moore was fatally wounded and died there. He was idolised by the army and was one of the great military minds of the day. It was Moore who instituted the light infantry training which produced the light infantry division - regiments of men trained to skirmish and shoot such as the 95th Regiment - later the Rifle Brigade.

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    Murray
    Sir George Murray (1772 - 1846)

    Wellington's Quarter Master General from 1809 to 1812 when he went to Ireland as QMG. He rejoined Wellington in 1813. Under his influence the QMG's office gained precedence over the Adjutant General's office under William Stewart simply because it was more efficient.
    Murray was to have joined Wellington in Brussels in 1815 but was delayed reaching there in time. He was appointed as chief of staff for the Army of Occupation in France for the next three years.

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    Napier
    William Napier (1785 - 1860)

    Napier is best known for his historical work on the History of the Peninsular War. He was one of three Napier brothers who served under Wellington on the Peninsula and for whom the Duke held an interest. They were the nephew's of the Duke of Richmond, their mother, Lady Sarah, was the 2nd Duke's fourth daughter.
    He served with valour under Craufurd but went home in 1812 to marry. He returned to the Peninsula just after Badajoz in April 1812 and took command of the 43rd regiment as MacLeod had been killed. He went back to Britain again on January 1st 1813 but he returned again to take command the 43rd in August of that year and served to the end of the war in 1814.
    He was to join the Duke in Brussels in 1815 but had made arrangements to leave from Dover on the 18th of June, which as it happened was the day Waterloo was being fought. He continued on with the army of occupation to Paris. In later years he was noted as a talented painter and sculptor - as well as writing the history of course.
    His brother Charles is most noted for his famous quote, "Peccavi" which he sent back to Britain after a battle in India. In Latin, peccavi means "I have sinned" - Napier had just conquered Scinde.

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    Pack
    Sir Denis Pack (1772 - 1823)

    Pack was wounded eight times in his peninsula career which started in 1808 where as Leiutenant Colonel he commanded the 71st at Rolico and Vimiero.
    In July 1810 he was appointed local rank to a Portuguese Brigade under Bereford which he commanded at Bussaco and Almeida in 1810. Pack was made Major General in 1813 and had temporary command of the 6th Division in the Pyrenees (1813) and at Waterloo and Quatre Bras he commanded a Brigade under Picton.

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    The dashing Ned Pakenham

    Packenham
    Sir Edward Pakenham (1778 - 1815)

    Pakenham's sister, Catherine, had married the Duke of Wellington and 'Ned' was one of the young men with ability that Wellington had picked for his staff. He was a very able commander having commanded a battalion of Fusiliers at the tender age of 19.
    Took over the fighting Third division from Picton who was too ill for Salamanca in 1812 and it was his division that broke the French centre. He commanded the third division until the capture of Madrid. In 1813 he was given command of the 6th Division at the Battle of the Pyrenees.
    He commanded the ill-fated American Expedition in 1814 and died at the battle of New Orleans.
    Ned Pakenham should not be confused with his brother, Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham who was AG to Picton at Badajoz.

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    Picton
    Sir Thomas Picton (1758 - 1815)

    Picton was somewhat of an eccectric, tending to wear rather raggy coats and clothing of indeterminate colour and unknown history, rather than the gloss and glamour of uniform. His staff followed his lead in dress matters. He was also a little colourful in his language. He commanded the Third division on the Peninsula which earned the sobriquet, "The Fighting Division" and he was no slouch when it came to fighting either - he was right in the thick of the battles.
    Picton was at the forefront of the seige of Cuidad Rodrigo [Jan 1812] even though his uncle had just died and left him a fortune. His work and bravery storming the breach led Wellington to entrust him with the seige of Badajos.[April 1812] Wellington recalled him for service after Napoleon's escape and Picton arrived in Brussels on the 11th of June and was put in command of the Fifth Division. He was almost immediately engaged at Quatre Bras where he met the French Army commanded by Ney. He was severely wounded but he concealed this from everyone and retained his command, only to be shot through the head at Waterloo two days later.
    Controversy dogged him through his career. He had joined the army in 1771 and had served for some time in Trinidad where he was accused of torture, a accusation he took 4 years to fight through the courts. He joined the Peninsula army in 1810.

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    Spencer
    Sir Brent Spencer (1760 - 1828)
    In 1778 Spencer enlisted as an ensign in the 15th Foot and served in the West Indies, by 1798 he had reached the post of colonel.
    In 1808 he arrived with Wellington at the Peninsula and acted as second in command in Wellington's first successful battles at Vimiero and Rolica. In 1809 he was colonel of the 2nd battalion on the 95th foot, by 1810 he had succeeded Sir John Sherbrooke as Lieutenant General of the 1st Division which gave him some independence of command from Wellington's army - he commanded at Torres Vedras and while Wellington was investing Badajoz, Spencer was sent to the North of Portugal, however he tended to vacillate when left on his own, so when Graham arrived from Cadiz in July 1811 it was with no regrets on either side that Sir Brent retired and returned to England.
    Sir Harry Smith was not impressed with Sir Brent's abilities at controlling the army when the duke was away and says in his autobiography (Chapter 6):
      a regular old woman, who allowed the French to commit all sorts of extravagances under our noses

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    Stewart
    Sir William Stewart (1774 - 1827)
    It is probably what Stewart saw of the Croats and Tyrolese during the time he served in Austria in the 1790's that led him to propose a very new idea to the army. In concert with Colonel Coote Manningham Stewart proposed establishing a a corps of Riflemen in the British army. The whole philosophy of the corps to be different to the standard concept of military and manouevres - they would he trained to sharp shoot, encouraged to think independently and rewarded.
    In January of 1800 an experimental corps was formed, and two years later it was brought into line as the 95th with Manningham as Colonel and Stewart the Leiutenant Colonel.
    Stweart commanded the Light on the Walcheren Expedition and in 1810 was sent to command at Cadiz where he was superseded by Graham.
    He briefly commanded the 2nd Division when Hill returned to Britain ill, however Wellington didn't trust him and he was quickly replaced by Beresford.

    Lord Uxbridge
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    Uxbridge
    Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge and (1815) Marquess of Anglesey (1768 - 1854)
    He began his career in the infantry but entered the cavalry, the 7th light dragoons (later the 7th Hussars) were under his command and he developed them into one of the best cavalry units in the army. He commanded the cavalry on the Peninsula under
    Moore but was not used by Wellington despite his experience. Unfortunately he had eloped with Wellington's sister-in-law and although he married once his divorce came through there was a little family uneasiness between them. He commanded the cavalry and horse artillery at Waterloo with distinction. But he lost a leg doing so which prevented his further military service.

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    Vandeleur
    Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur (1763 - 1849)
    Known mostly as a cavalry man, Vandeleur joined the army in 1781 but changed to the cavalry in 1792. In 1808 he was given Brevet Colonel in the 19th Light Dragoons. In 1811 he was on the Peninsula serving under Craufurd as Major General of an infantry brigade in the Light Division. It was Vandeleur that led the Light Division at Cuidad Rodrigo when Craufurd was knocked down.
    He served with much distinction on the peninsula including fighting at Vittoria and in 1813 he was given a brigade of light dragoons and served under Sir Thomas Graham. In 1815 he was given a colonelcy in the January 19th Light Dragoons. When the 19th Light Dragoons were disbanded in 1820 he was given a colonelcy in the 14th Light Dragoons.
    At Waterloo in June 1815, Vandeluer commanded the 4th Cavalry Brigade which was made up of the 11th, 12th and 16th light Dragoons. When Lord Uxbridge became injured, Vandeleur took control of the entire British Cavalry.

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    Wellington
    Sir Aruthur Wellesley, later, the Duke of Wellington (1769 - 1852)
    The third son of Lord Mornington, he began his military career in the 73rd Foot Regiment as a major and despite a bit of shaky start showed some promise. He was sent to the Peninsula in 1808 but was only eighth in the command chain. He had two early victories but unfortunately was tied up in the Convention of Cintra (against his judgement) through his superiors. The convention was signed after the Wellington's victory at the battle of Vimiero and was so in the French favour that he was recalled to Britain with his two superiors leaving
    Moore to command the Peninsular forces. Moore's death left the door open for Wellington's return. He commanded the force for the remainder of the Peninsular War in 1814, and was appointed commander-in chief to lead the allied forces at Waterloo also with success. He had been a Tory MP for Rye in Sussex from 1807 to 1809 while still pursuing his military career before the Peninsular War, now he resumed his parliamentary role becoming Prime Minister from 1828 - 1829.
    On a personal level he was a was a man known for his rather truncated sentences and abbreviated manner, but he was also renowned for his love of women's company.

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    France

    Jourdan
    Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762 - 1833)
    Was Joseph Bonaparte's chief military advisor from his time in Naples in 1806 until Vittoria (Spain) in 1813. Wellington's troops managed to seize his Marshal's baton from amongst the baggage train which was sent back to the Prince Regent.
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    Junot
    Androche Junot (1771 - 1813)
    It was Junot that made the initial conquest of Portugal for Napoleon, driving the Portuguese Queen and her son the Regent from the country in 1807. In 1808 he was beaten by
    Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimiero but managed to get incredibly good terms in the Convention of Cintra and so was back commanding the forces within a few months. By 1812 and in failing health he had been moved to the Russian campaign, however by July 1813 he was dead, probably by suicide and probably from his descent into insanity. He had been fiercely pro-Bonaparte, even fighting a duel once because he felt a man had slighted Napoleon. Back to the top

    Marmont
    Auguste Marmont (1774-1852)
    A friend of Napoleon's, he shared his friends initial training in the artillery regiments. He was appointed as a replacement on the Peninsular for Massena in 1811. He did not meet with universal success. He was wounded severely in his defeat at Salamanca in 1811. By 1813 he was fighting in Germany but he betrayed Napoleon signing a secret convention with the allies and putting the final nail in Napoleon's coffin.

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    Massena
    Andre Massena (1758-1817)
    Commanded the Army of Portugal. Had a penchant for looting and was dismissed from the army in the early 1800's because of it. Despite his indolence and love of women and loot he was an extremely able commander who apparently came alive in battle and inspired his troops. He did not have a good time of it on the Peninsular. In 1810 he was created 'Prince of Essling' and sent to Spain to command the "Army of Portugal" however he failed to check Wellington's reconnaisance of Bussaco culminating in his defeat at Fuentes d'Onoro. He also failed to effectively work with the
    Junot and Ney, the other two French commanders on the peninusla - and it was somewhat resented that he had brought his mistress disguised (ineffectively it seems) as a dragoon officer.
    Despite this he was the commander that most worried Wellington who recognised Massena's skill.

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    Ney
    Michel Ney (1769 - 1815)
    He served on the Peninsula until 1812 but it was charaterised by disputes with
    Massena and was essentially ineffective. Not so in Russia - it is said that it is because of his untiring energy and bravery that the French were able to retreat from Russia - and was reputedly the last Frenchman to leave Russian soil. He declared for the king in 1815 when Napoleon returned from exile but quickly switched sides and not only commanded the forces at Quatre Bras against the British on the 16th of June he was the second in command to Napoleon at Waterloo two days later. He was not a a great strategist as his impetuosity often got in the way, but his incredible bravery inspired admiration and loyality amongst his troops. His ending is quite sad, he was tried and shot for treason on December 7.

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    Soult
    Nicolas Soult (1769 - 1851)
    Commanded the Army of Andulasia. At one stage a subordinate of
    Massena now they were equals - they were both Marshalls and both in charge of the two French armies on the Peninsular. He also had problems working with Massena on the Peninsula and lack of coordination between the three French Commanders caused many problems there. While he had many inital successes against the Spanish he refused to obey Joseph Bonaparte who had been put there by his brother Napoleon to rule the country and eventually Joseph had to ask for him to be recalled. He was well respected by the British army but was beaten by Wellington on the Peninsular. He served at Waterloo but as chief of staff rather than a field commission which he was more suited for.

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    Suchet
    Louis-Gabriel Suchet (1770-1826)
    Suchet served in Spain from 1808 to 1814, an able and shrewd administrator, one of Napoleon's most trusted Marshals.

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    Other Allied Countries

    Blucher
    Gebhard Blucher (1742 - 1819)
    From Prussia he served first in the Swedish cavalry then later with the Prussians as a Hussar officer and a very intrepid one by all accounts. He was promoted to the rank of General Field Marshal in Germany and was a key officer in fighting back the French forces entering France himself in April 1814. He led the Prussians to defeat at Ligny on June 16th 1815 and and was crucial to prevent the French out-flanking the Allied force at Waterloo. He was lucky to have able chiefs of staff as he was not a naturally gifted strategist.

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    Prince William of Orange
    Prince William of Orange (1792 - 1849)
    He spent most of his early life in exile, until 1813 when the throne of the Netherlands was restored to his father. He attended military college in Berlin and London and served for a short time as ADC to Wellington on the Peninsula. His new status in 1815 meant that he was given command of the Allied I Corps at Waterloo. His bravery was never in question but his inexperience in battle led him to make gross mistakes which resulted in the complete loss of at least one battalion. Considering he was still in his early twenties and trying to hold his own with battle hardened commanders it is probably not surprising that he made such gross errors. Luckily he was hit by a ball and taken from the field of Waterloo injured before he could kill off the entire army.

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